Chapter 20: Organic Chemistry
20.4: Reactions of Organic Compounds
Types of Organic Reactions
- Substitution Reaction
- A reaction in which one atom or group in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group.
- Addition Reaction
- A reaction in which atoms are added to a double or triple bond, converting it to a single bond.
- Elimination Reaction
- A reaction in which a small molecule (e.g., water or hydrogen halide) is removed, forming a double or triple bond.
- Oxidation Reaction
- A reaction in which a molecule loses electrons or hydrogen atoms and gains oxygen atoms.
- Reduction Reaction
- A reaction in which a molecule gains electrons or hydrogen atoms and loses oxygen atoms.
- Polymerization Reaction
- A reaction in which small molecules (monomers) combine to form a larger molecule (polymer).
Reaction Mechanisms
- Nucleophilic Substitution: A nucleophile replaces a leaving group in a molecule.
- Electrophilic Addition: An electrophile attacks a double or triple bond, forming a single bond.
- Free Radical Substitution: Involves free radicals as intermediates, common in halogenation reactions.
Factors Affecting Organic Reactions
- Reactivity: Determined by the functional groups and bonds in the molecule.
- Temperature: Higher temperatures can increase reaction rates.
- Catalysts: Substances that speed up reactions without being consumed.
- Solvent Effects: Polar and nonpolar solvents can influence reaction mechanisms and rates.
Applications of Organic Reactions
- Production of plastics through polymerization reactions.
- Synthesis of pharmaceuticals via substitution and addition reactions.
- Creation of fuels and lubricants through cracking and reforming processes.
- Development of dyes and pigments using complex organic reactions.
Questions for Students
- Define the following reactions: substitution, addition, and elimination.
- What is the difference between oxidation and reduction reactions?
- Describe the role of catalysts in organic reactions.
- What are the applications of polymerization reactions in everyday life?
- Explain how reaction mechanisms like nucleophilic substitution work.